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Phillip E. Johnson (born June 18, 1940) is a retired UC Berkeley law professor and author who is considered the father of the intelligent design movement. He became a born-again Christian while a tenured professor. A critic of what he calls "Darwinism" and "scientific materialism," Johnson rejects evolution in favor of neo-creationist views known as intelligent design (ID). He was a co-founder of the Discovery Institute's Center for Science and Culture (CSC) and is credited with establishing the wedge strategy, which aims to change public opinion and scientific consensus, and seeks to convince the scientific community to allow a role for God in scientific theory.〔Johnson 1997, (pp. 91–92 )〕 As a member of The Group for the Scientific Reappraisal of the HIV/AIDS Hypothesis, a prominent AIDS denialist group, Johnson has argued that HIV does not cause AIDS.〔.〕 The clear consensus of the scientific community considers Johnson's opinions on evolution and AIDS to be pseudoscience.〔 ==Biography== Johnson was born in Aurora, Illinois, in 1940. He received a Bachelor of Arts degree in English literature, from Harvard University in 1961. He studied law at the University of Chicago, graduating top of his class, and received a Juris Doctor in law in 1965. He served as a law clerk for the Chief Justice of the U.S. Supreme Court Earl Warren and Chief Justice of the California Supreme Court Roger J. Traynor. Johnson became a member of the California Bar in January 1966. He is an emeritus professor of law at Boalt School of Law at the University of California, Berkeley, where he served on the active faculty from 1967 to 2000. Johnson has served as deputy district attorney and has held visiting professorships at Emory University and at University College London.〔 Johnson became a born-again Christian following a divorce,〔Forrest 2001〕 and later became an elder in the Presbyterian Church (U.S.A.).〔 Johnson interviewed in November 2000.〕 Johnson recounts that on sabbatical in England he sought, through prayer, inspiration for what he should do with the rest of his life, and then received an epiphany after he read Richard Dawkins' ''The Blind Watchmaker'' (1986) and Michael Denton's ''Evolution: A Theory in Crisis'' (1985). Johnson later said, "Something about the Darwinists' rhetorical style, made me think they had something to hide."〔Dembski 2006〕 Despite having no formal background in biology, he felt that could add insight into the premises and arguments: "I approach the creation-evolution dispute not as a scientist but as a professor of law, which means among other things that I know something about the ways that words are used in arguments."〔Johnson 2010, pp. 25–26〕 Since the publication of the first edition of ''Darwin on Trial'' in 1991, he has become a prominent critic of evolutionary theory.〔 Johnson popularized the term "intelligent design" in his book, ''Darwin on Trial''. He remains one of the best known advocates for intelligent design, and is considered the founder of the intelligent design movement. He is a critic of methodological naturalism, the basic principle of science that restricts it to the investigation of natural causes for observable phenomena, and espouses a philosophy he has coined "theistic realism."〔 Article reprinted in full by Access Research Network (here ).〕 He is the author of several books on intelligent design, science, philosophy, and religion, as well as textbooks on criminal law. He has appeared on various programs such as PBS's ''Firing Line''〔 .〕 and a ''Nova'' episode, "Judgment Day: Intelligent Design on Trial." Since 2001, Johnson has suffered a series of minor right brain strokes. His rehabilitations have limited his public activities and participation in the debate on intelligent design, because of both their physical effects and Johnson's belief that they were signs from God urging him to spend more time with his faith and family and less in prideful debate. In 2004, he was awarded the inaugural "Phillip E. Johnson Award for Liberty and Truth" by Biola University, a private evangelical Christian college noted for its promotion of intelligent design. Johnson has two children and lives with his wife in Berkeley, California. Johnson has stated in an interview that he believed "the strength of America is not in its towers or in its battleships, it's in its faith. Of course, I said that, but I wasn't sure it was really true anymore. This isn't the same country we were in the previous decades." Johnson said the U.S. was "cringing in fear" of Muslim terrorists after September 11 attacks and that professors were afraid to discuss it "because they're afraid of what the Muslim students will do. They're afraid it won't keep the peace on campus. I never thought our country would descend to this level. We are afraid to search the truth and to proclaim it. We once knew who the true God was and were able to proclaim it frankly. But since about 1960 we've been hiding from that. We've been trying to pretend that all religions are the same." 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「Phillip E. Johnson」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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